The history of aid effectiveness from the Millennium Summit to Busan - 1st part

In September 2000, after a decade of conferences and summits, the UN Member States adopted in the Headquarters in New York the United Nations Millennium Declaration which involved all the Nations to a global partnership to halve, by the year 2015, the proportion of world’s people suffering for extreme poverty.
Decades of development demonstrated the need for a more systemic approach.  Only bringing in local perspectives and participation it is possible to provide tangible benefits to poor communities and produce sustained impact. The new global challenge to promote widespread and sustainable development demands a new agreed strategy, not merely based on the amounts of aid given, but mainly concerned with effective criteria and methods of aid delivery. For this purpose, the political engagement is essential to move the agenda forward.

The 8 Millennium Development Goals

The Millennium Summit of 2000 represented a historical turning point for setting the aspirations, defining the results and strengthening accountability in the development cooperation sector.

Hidden charges, financial literacy, quasi-monopoly market demand more regulations in microfinance

Main issues requiring government regulations in the microcredit sector:

1 - Quasi monopolistic market: microcredit organizations do not operate in free and competitive markets but operate business in often quasi-monopolies. Furthermore, according to specialists: competition is only on non-price terms (Nimal Fernando, Asian Bank for Development).

2 - Low Financial Literacy: Wrong assumption that microcredit clients are rational economic actors. On the contrary, as demonstrated by the recent global financial crisis, also developed countries need to increase consumer protection legislation. In the United States, for instance, the Obama administration, enforced The Credit Card Accountability Responsability and Disclosure Act of 2009 and in 2010 established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to protect consumers of financial services from abusive, deceptive and unfair practices.

3 - Lack of Transparency: Transparency is another key point. Consumers should be put in the conditions to choose the right product after comparing effective interest rates and loan terms. Malpractices such the ones below transform loans from opportunities  to obligations:
up-front fees, compulsory savings, insurance premium subscription; distorted calculation of  the interest rates (usually based on the original loan and not on the residual amount of debt). Professor Subrata Mitra from the Indian Institute of Management in Calcutta, describes in his article Exploitative Microfinance Interest Rates how these tricks litteraly blow up the effective rates.

for more information on these issues you can read the article by Prof. Aneel Karnani published on the Stanford Social Innovation Review entitled Microfinance needs regulation

A book on the ruling of the European Court of Human Rights

The Council of Europe has just released a new book on the European Court of Human Rights. For over 50 years the Court's rulings have resulted in numerous changes to domestic legislation and helped to strengthen the rule of law throughout the wider Europe.

The book European Court of Human Rights: facts and figures retraces the Court's activities and case-law since its foundation in 1959. The presentation of several hundred of the cases the Court has examined, together with statistics for each State, paints an overall picture of the Court's work and the impact its judgments have had in the member States.

The book reviews the law cases of the Court by theme and by article of the European Convention on Human Rights. This work shows the full extent of the rights and freedoms the States Parties to the Convention have undertaken to secure to everyone within their jurisdiction. In addition,  It also takes a country-by-country look at the cases the Court has been called on to examine, and at the impact its judgments have had in the States it has condemned for violating the Convention. A resume of the ruling of the Court is also available in the following summary.

India towards more stringent and clear regulations in the microfinance sector ?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has published few days ago on its website the Report of the study on the microfinance sector made by the
Sub-Committee of the Central Board of Directors. The RBI panel chaired by Mr. Yedzi H. Malegam was established in response to the Andhra Pradesh rules, which severely curtailed microfinance activities in the state, curbed collections and hurt new businesses.
The stock of SKS Microfinance, the main microfinance institution in India, which is based in Hyderabad, the capital of Andhra Pradesh, has fallen about 30 percent since October when the state's new microfinance rules came into effect.
The Panel has made a number of recommendations to mitigate the problems of multiple-lending, over borrowing, ghost borrowers and coercive methods of recovery. It seems financial authorities in India are in line with Yunus's article on the future development of the sector. Some of the main recommendations are listed hereafter:

- 1. Creation of a separete category of microfinance institutiones classified as Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC-MFI). These institutes will hold not less than 90% of its total assets (other than cash and bank balances and money market instruments) in the form of qualifying assets.


- 2. There are limits of an annual family income of Rs.50,000 and an individual ceiling on loans to a  single borrower of Rs.25,000.

- 3. Not less than 75% of the loans given by the MFI should be for income-generating purposes.

- 4. There is a restriction on the other services to be provided by the MFI which has to be in accordance with the type of service and the maximum percentage of total income as may be prescribed.

- 5. With regard to the interest chargeable to the borrower, the Sub-Committee has recommended an average “margin cap” of 10 per cent for MFIs having a loan portfolio of Rs. 100 crore and of 12 per cent for smaller MFIs and a cap of 24% for interest on individual loans. It has also proposed that, in the interest of transparency, an MFI can levy only three charges, namely, (a) processing fee (b) interest and (c) insurance charge.

- 6. A borrower can be a member of only one Self-Help Group (SHG) or a  Joint Liability Group (JLG).

- 7. Not more than two MFIs can lend to a single borrower.

- 8. There should be a minimum period of moratorium between the disbursement of loan and the commencement of recovery.

- 9.The tenure of the loan must vary with its amount.

- 10. A Credit Information Bureau has to be established.

-11. The primary responsibility for avoidance of coercive methods of recovery must lie with the MFI and its management.

-12. The Reserve Bank must prepare a draft Customer Protection Code to be adopted by all MFIs.

- 13. There must be grievance redressal procedures and establishment of ombudsmen.

- 14. All MFIs must observe a specified Code of Corporate Governance.

SKS Microfinance Chief Financial Officer S. Dilliraj  said "The panel's recommendations "clears the regulatory ambiguity that existed in the microfinance sector since the promulgation of the Andhra Pradesh Microfinance Ordinance". The fast-growing Indian microfinance sector suffered a setback late last year when the state of Andhra Pradesh, which had the largest microfinance market in India, approved legislation to regulate the industry following complaints about high interest rates, aggressive recovery practices and overextended borrowers.

Some links with further information:

• Y. H. Malegam. Limit on annual income can be changed
• Malegam Committee Microfinance Report – Summary of Reactions from MFI Sector
• Malegam Committee Report – Summary of Key Recommendations
• Interview with Y H Malegam on his report on Indian Microfinance Institutions
• Notional loss due to Andhra ordinance: SKS Microfinance

Books available on Amazon:

Challenges for second generation microfinance: Regulation, supervision, and resource mobilization

Getting the framework right. Policy and regulation for microfinance in Asia

Too good to be true: the remarkable resilience of microfinance.(PERSPECTIVES)(microfinance institutions): An article from: Harvard International Review

Let's bring microcredit back on track - Muhammad Yunus

"Commercialization has been a terrible wrong turn for microfinance, and it indicates a worrying “mission drift” in the motivation of those lending to the poor. Poverty should be eradicated, not seen as a money-making opportunity."
This little excerpt from the article written by Muhammad Yunus 

 "Sacrificing microcredit for megaprofit", on the New York Times, summarizes the problems suffered by the sector in the last years. 
Many borrowers found themselves struggling with high interest rates, dealing with aggressive marketing and loan collection practices.
To go back to its origin and mission, microcredit needs to be more strictly regulated. The creation of an ad hoc regulatory authority would better ensure transparency in the sector, prevents the application of excessive interest rates and distorted loan collection practices.

Our changing world...

published the Fedex Experience website collecting several maps, elaborated using the map morphing technology, showing the statistical data of popular indexes and indicators measuring economic conditions, social and cultural aspects characterizing both developed and developing countries.

Map of Richest Countries

Microfinance resources on the Internet - Information on institutions and regulatory measures for some countries

Clicking on the picture below you could access a mindmap providing information and links on the legal and institutional framework established in some developing countries to regulate the activities of microfinance institutions. The map has been developed using Mindmeister, one of the most popular web 2.0 site for publishing these diagrams on the Web.
Do the examined countries have a specific law to regulate the sector or request a particular legal status for these institutions to operate in the market? at the institutional level, there are ad hoc agencies or simply  ministerial departments administering the industry?

Hope you could find at least some of the answers there...